- Free worldwide shipping, tracked and insured
- Same day dispatch, customs handled
- Certificate of analysis for every batch
- Cardiolipin and inner-membrane research
- Mitochondrial bioenergetics and ATP studies
- Cytochrome c electron-transport research
Overview
What is SS-31?
SS-31 (elamipretide) is a synthetic aromatic-cationic tetrapeptide, D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2, that concentrates in the inner mitochondrial membrane. It is used as a research compound in studies of cardiolipin, cytochrome c electron transport, and mitochondrial ATP synthesis. Supplied for in-vitro and laboratory research use only.
Mechanism in research
How SS-31 is studied
In published research, SS-31 was reported to bind cardiolipin on the inner mitochondrial membrane with high affinity, and the SS-31 cardiolipin complex was reported to inhibit cytochrome c peroxidase activity, protecting cristae structure in a rat renal ischemia model. Work in liposome, bicelle, and isolated-mitochondria systems reported that the peptide interacts only with cardiolipin-containing membranes, restores cytochrome c electron-carrier function, and increases state 3 respiration. Clinical research on elamipretide in Barth syndrome and primary mitochondrial myopathy has also been published. These mechanisms are characterised in cell, membrane, and animal models.
Reported targets & pathways
- Cardiolipin (inner mitochondrial membrane)
- Cytochrome c / cardiolipin complex
- Electron transport chain and ATP synthesis
- Mitochondrial cristae structure
Research applications
Where SS-31 is used in research
Areas of study described in the published literature. Listed for research reference only.
Mitochondrial bioenergetics
Used in research on electron transport, state 3 respiration, and ATP synthesis in isolated mitochondria.
Cardiolipin biology
Studied for membrane interaction and cytochrome c peroxidase inhibition in cardiolipin-containing systems.
Ischemia and oxidative stress
Applied in ischemia-reperfusion models to investigate cristae protection and ATP recovery.
Mitochondrial disease research
Explored in clinical research on cardiolipin metabolism disorders and mitochondrial myopathy.
Reference data
SS-31 specifications
- Sequence
- D-Arg-Dmt-Lys-Phe-NH2 (Dmt = 2,6-dimethyl-L-tyrosine)
- Classification
- Aromatic-cationic mitochondria-targeted tetrapeptide
- Appearance
- White lyophilized powder
- Solubility
- Soluble in bacteriostatic water
- Molecular formula
- C32H49N9O5
- Molecular weight
- 639.8 g/mol
- Purity
- 99.38%
- CAS number
- 736992-21-5
- PubChem CID
- 11764719
Selected research
Published studies on SS-31
Peer-reviewed references for further reading. Findings describe in-vitro and animal research; mechanisms and outcomes in humans are not established.
Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · 2013
Reported that SS-31 binds cardiolipin with high affinity, that the complex inhibits cytochrome c peroxidase activity, and that pretreatment in a rat renal ischemia model protected cristae membranes and accelerated ATP recovery on reperfusion.
British Journal of Pharmacology · 2014
Reported in liposome, bicelle, and isolated-mitochondria experiments that SS-31 interacts only with cardiolipin-containing membranes, restores cytochrome c electron-carrier function, and increases state 3 respiration.
Genetics in Medicine · 2021
Reported that in the TAZPOWER crossover trial the randomized phase did not meet its primary endpoints, while the 36-week open-label extension recorded improvements in 6-minute walk distance and symptom scores.
Quality
Independently verified, batch by batch
Tested every batch
Every batch of SS-31 is independently analyzed by a third-party laboratory before it is released.
Independently verified
Identity and purity are confirmed by an independent third-party laboratory. This batch is verified to 99.38% purity.
Certificate of analysis
Every batch is independently tested with a certificate of analysis. A digital COA is available on request.
Reviews
What researchers say about SS-31
upsized to 50mg
Started on the 10mg in spring, moved up to the 50mg this time because the cardiolipin binding runs eat through it. Same profile at both sizes as far as our assays can tell. Mechelen, took a bit under a week.
kühlkette hat gepasst
war skeptisch wegen dem sommer, aber die fläschchen kamen kalt und trocken in innsbruck an, keine feuchtigkeit im lyophilisat. bestellt am montag, da am donnerstag. für die mito arbeit reicht mir das erstmal, mehr weiss ich nach dem ersten durchlauf
lega dove deve legare
prima volta con ss-31, lo usiamo su mitocondri isolati da cuore e i valori di respirazione sono un po' sopra il controllo come da letteratura. sciolto in un attimo, spedito a padova senza problemi di dogana. il collega che era scettico adesso vuole un'altro lotto per il suo progetto
asked a dumb question, got a real answer
emailed asking wether the 50mg came as one vial or ten (its ten, i shouldve read the page) and someone replied within the hour instead of a bot. peptide itself did fine in our respirometry runs, galway
tracking page went dark
product side is fine, the cardiolipin binding work reads how we expected and the lyo looks proper. the tracking page though. it showed label created for seven days straight and then the box was just at reception in eindhoven. would have been nice to know it was moving, we had a run scheduled around it. one star off for that, not for the peptide
endlich jemand der SS-31 führt
Seit der Zulassung in den USA letztes Jahr wollte unsere Gruppe unbedingt an SS-31 ran, aber die üblichen Lieferanten hatten es nicht im Programm. Hier gab es das 10mg direkt, nach Leipzig in einer Woche. In den Atmungsmessungen an isolierten Mitochondrien sehen wir das was in der Literatur steht, mehr wollten wir erstmal nicht wissen. Die Chargen Nummer steht auf jedem Fläschchen, das macht die Dokumentation einfacher.
SS-31 FAQ
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